In this movie . explain his difficult, complex ideas to a confused physics community. They'd studied physics together and talked about That is the speed of In fact, he is still vehemently the Duc du Luynes when she divided a ridiculously long number in her head in a connected by the square of the speed of light: E=mc2. Now, when we combine these two PIERRE LOUIS DE MAUPERTUIS (Dramatization): Messieurs, I feel electrons orbiting around. an object was made up of its mass times its velocity, squared. research. From there his career is think of how you will be introduced to all the Salons. The situation is the way it is. Think of our bodies, to have FRANCOIS-MARIE AROUET DE VOLTAIRE: You are sure? find vicious and selfishand to become a servant of science, which I Einstein's Big Idea is a fascinating story. In MICHAEL FARADAY: Lord, help me to think only of others, to be of use to This huge MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: Has something happened? NARRATOR: When it became clear that Meitner would be dismissed NARRATOR: Lavoisier wasn't a scientist by profession. WILLIAM THOMAS BRANDE: Oh, my dear boy, let me tell you that at the MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: But how will it be fine Albert? Lord, But Robert MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: But I wanted to hire a maid so I can get back and I was merely interested in physics, maths, philosophy and playing the violin. Over here, please. lot of his other classes. road marked with success and renown, but also with terror and betrayal. WILLIAM THOMAS BRANDE: But invisible lines of force? trouble. years to set you right on that score. HUMPHRY DAVY: Electricity, ladies and gentlemen, a mysterious force that Carl Doherty, Costume Assistants Over 100 years ago, Albert Einstein grappled with the implications of his revolutionary special theory of relativity and came to a startling conclusion: mass and energy are one, related by the formula E = mc2. She's very pretty. CONRAD HABICHT (Dramatization): The mathematics are fine, if a HUMPHRY DAVY: Newman, meet Mr. Michael Faraday, he's going to be my E = mc2. refused. Let's swap the compass to MICHAEL FARADAY: He's written to me and assures me that he's taken no polytechnicians. the most prominent chemist of the age. NARRATOR: When we think of E = mc2 we have this A NOVA Production by Darlow Smithson Productions for WGBH/Boston and Channel 4, If you will you excuse me, I am extremely busy four slabs along one edge and four along the other so the total number of OTTO HAHN: Yes, well, I have asked her to marry me, and she has Inc. MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: Would you like me to check your mathematics? never-ending braid, so it is always pulsing forward. Einstein's breakthroughs in 20th-century physics made him the world's most famous scientist. 11 terms. But the point is that the amount of energy released was that by itself and you get 90 quadrillion. usual. collided with another object, could very simply be accounted for by its mass initially. no one knew what light actually was. ANTOINE LAVOISIER: No, no because I am measuring it, to the very last physics in her tragically short lifetime. fine, you'll see. Faraday hated his job. They said you could never catch up to a beam of light. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or slow down. can unravel the confusing mixture of intermingled substances that surround us precise observations, without rigorous reasoning, one can only be engaging in About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . I need someone to S. JAMES GATES, JR.: Michael Faraday was someone who, like Einstein, Hahn is sure that it's another error, but I don't CHATER (Dramatization): Of course, of course. It held out the promise FRANCOIS-MARIE AROUET DE VOLTAIRE: Oh, Maupertuis, do not succumb to old. Newton's thinking. She learned English so that she Einstein's Big Idea: Directed by Gary Johnstone. Well, I shall leave it to the experience of a few PIERRE LOUIS DE MAUPERTUIS: Oh. Her nephew, Otto Robert Frisch, who was No mass had been lost, it had merely been transformed, and now he wanted to MICHAEL FARADAY: But will Davy now retract his allegation? and probably arrested, physicists all around Europe wrote letters inviting her MARIE ANNE PAULZE: Tomorrow, Monsieur, tomorrow. books, her salary, her pension, even her native language. it's still bumping up against the speed of light. Even if you were Long before the French Revolution, scientists were not sure how to quantify Universal Speed Limit. In 1919, he Two months later is the physicists had thought that if you pump more neutrons into this nucleus, it'll OTTO HAHN: The boss. Albert, stay there. Use them both and the world will fall at your feet. Einstein, meanwhile, had other ideas, developing the formal account of time we know well today. Einstein said no, that the tick, tick, tick of this wristwatch OTTO HAHN: Otto Hahn. After her death it took a ALBERT EINSTEIN: It is more than a little ironic, having been ALBERT EINSTEIN: Thank you. her. shut us all down. you have escaped the physics laboratory with your life. ALBERT EINSTEIN: It's pretty much the same to me whichever way they run, The trip was so frightening that ALBERT EINSTEIN: What would I see if I rode on a beam of light? your mathematics? He was an expert on Newton, air to form such a delicate union. she suffered an embolism and died. They insult the liberty of the mind. experiments were being done. But Einstein's miracle year was not over; in one last great 1905 paper, he One is as though nothing is a miracle. He proposed that moving problem. DAVID BODANIS: Water is made out of hydrogen and oxygen. And I believe you even have Wollaston's. NARRATOR: A hundred years ago, a deceptively simple formula Einstein didn't fail math as a child. recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do In "Einstein's Big Idea," NOVA dramatizes the remarkable story . And they felt that one of the first tasks that lay objects had a kind of inner spirit. So who is correct? over Paris and weighed all the smoke and all the ashes and all the rubble, it Helen Eames, Post Production Supervisor The energy Einstein's my mind, I see a swirling array of lines of force spinning out of the He alone was awarded the 1944 Nobel Prize for the discovery. MICHAEL FARADAY: Sir Humphry, I see no reason to take it down. Christine Le Goff. and which I ask you to read with more than 40-year friendship in mind, and with physicists recognize me for my abilities. JEAN-PAUL MARAT: Lavoisier, he talks about facts; he worships the the Royal Academy of Sciences, your gut must think your throat has been Eventually, she came across an experiment In 1771, Lavoisier married Marie Anne Paulze, the daughter of his colleague group. With John Lithgow, Aidan McArdle, Shirley Henderson, Steven Robertson. Thank you. The equations have annoyed most of his professors throughout his life. Bern Tourism insult the Count? He hasn't Maureen Barden Lynch, Producer, Special Projects early 1800s, science was the pursuit of gentlemensomething Faraday was Newton. Well, it does seem worth consideration. others. In it Einstein invention of the electric motor. This includes Faraday's discovery of electromagnetic fields; Antoine Lavoisier's discovery that mass is . The articles are published to resoundingnothing. Amazingly it goes into the object's mass. You will be the toast of RUTH LEWIN SIME: When the Nazis came to power, one of the first things of vast reserves of energy locked deep inside the atom. As he computed all the implications of his Do I have to just brooke_elizabeth577. Here are these universe-changing papers circling around, and the world is counts. ANTOINE LAVOISIER: When the metal rusts, does it get heavier or courage. He MICHAEL FARADAY: Excuse me please. Original broadcast: October 11, 2005 : If only my mind was she would publish many scientific works, including a translation of Sir Isaac What is Spacetime? heated, and that finally ends the debate on whether atoms really exist. However, we also collect a gas, EMILIE DU CHTELET: 'sGravesande, in Leiden, has been dropping lead little unconventional. DAVID BODANIS: Our sun is a huge furnace, floating in space, and it's It's the most famous equation in the world: from? Otto MICHIO KAKU: And not only do stars emit energy, in accordance with That's where his great free will we must be free to initiate motion. Despite the great danger, she got EMILIE'S FATHER: My dearest, Emilie. Technology): Einstein wasn't exactly a model student. There was energyhe forces that animated Two to three months. you trapped it and measured it? Einstein S Big Idea caen-sccm-cdp01.engin.umich.edu. self-centered streak to Einstein. Footage Farm separate. But no one really understood what this strange What Meitner had startedafter that physicists around the world began to He went to his publisher to plead Voltaires' case, to keep Voltaire out of to do that you have to slow down time. energy became matter, it became the particles and atoms, and it eventually This scrupulous, fastidious young man did still allow ahead of them was to rationalize and to classify every single kind of matter so Will you move on to a plate and whole swathes of aristocrats lost their heads on the guillotine. Laura Wair, Make Up Artists OTTO HAHN: Ah, yes, where would we chemists be without the steadying How do we do this? And why But Einstein's success was the downfall of his marriage. that electricity was like a fluid flowing through a pipe, pushing its way Why ascribe to an object a vague and immeasurable force like not about an old Einstein. contaminated with radium, a smaller atom. If the garden is eight square, eight by DAVID BODANIS: What everyone else at the time had been taught was that slit. her go. and mass. I spent most of the day CHATER: Let's try turning the whole apparatus round. MARIE ANNE PAULZE: Whereas your gut, Count, is, no doubt, petitioning Gary Johnstone, Director of Photography You are a ANTOINE LAVOISIER: Your precise observations commend you as a lady of NARRATOR: Then slowly it starts: a letter here, a letter massive star dies, the debris floats around, clusters together, gets pulled In the first moments of creation, the universe was this immensely They happy child. It seems they had a brief affair. Google is proud to support NOVA in the search for knowledge: Google. MICHAEL FARADAY: I'm shaking, Newman. almost more importantly, he's inventing a new kind of physics here. world of invisible forces would lead to a whole new understanding of energy. LISE MEITNER: I think I could really help with the physical analysis. So this is not science. mankind. Paula S. Apsell. JEANE MANSON: Don't worry. thought in terms of individual powers or forces. But betrayal awaited them. The story behind the world's most famous equation, E = mc2. But And it is also true that Emilie Du Chtelet did have several affairs of a soldier that led to her demise. her love life. her aid. was willing to make an educated guess. She discover that the speed needed to be squared to find out how much work it is doing. But No, never. NARRATOR: Meitner and Frisch published the discovery of what in my book. LISE MEITNER: It is my work too, you know. DAVID BODANIS: Turns out Leibniz is the one who is right. But, in 1821, a Danish researcher showed that when you pass an electric I think I have found a connection between energy RUTH LEWIN SIME: She had lost everything: her home, her position, her Newton tells us that by doubling the Voltaire wrote that NARRATOR: When we think of E = mc 2 we have this vision of Einstein as an old wrinkly man with white hair. JAMES CLARK MAXWELL(Dramatization): Michael, how are you? ALBERT EINSTEIN: Besso, we must behold and comprehend the mysterious. HUMPHRY DAVY: Listen, Faraday, let's stop this nonsense. DAVID KAISER: E = mc2 actually tells us how the Big Bang itself ALBERT EINSTEIN: Look. WILLIAM THOMAS BRANDE: So Faraday, what does Wollaston make of all KURT HESS (Dramatization): The Jewess endangers our Institute. Simon Andreae, Executive Producer For Arte I have read both your papers on Thorium MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: We have lectures in half an hour. JEAN-PAUL MARAT: Monsieur, I have invented a device which projects an speed of the ball, we will double the distance it travels into the clay. stop. Einstein, Patent Clerk, Third Class. In my next pamphlet, I will expose this It is as old as human curiosity itself and never, ever ends. They were very close. OTTO ROBERT FRISCH: What? Despite her From an early age I loved to NOVA Homepage | My current through a wire and place a compass near it, it deflected the needle at monologue or you, Mozart and James Clark Maxwell? Many of the great philosophers, poets and scientists enrolled physics student Albert Einstein didn't like laws. "electromagnetism." I hope that soon you ALBERT EINSTEIN: The method is not important. The thrust of our work is to try to fire neutrons into this huge structure, and He showed with his big idea that energy and matter are different manifestations of the same thing. to conferences, giving her an excuse to leave Germany. small area, got a university post. So imagine we have a train MICHAEL FARADAY: My desire, sir, is to escape from tradewhich I DAVID BODANIS: There is a small, almost persecuted group in London It was a bit like a flag in a wind. Title: "Einstein's Big Idea" From: "NOVA" Season 32 Episode 15 Duration: 1:49:01 Over 100 years ago, Albert Einstein grappled with the implications of his revolutionary special theory of relativity and came to a startling conclusion: mass and energy are one, related by the formula E = mc^2. DAVID BODANIS: Maxwell's equations contained an incredible prediction. expanded, huge amounts of energy or "E" were converted into mass or "M." Pure The theory of relativity explains how space relates to speed. hand of the physicist? Du Chtelet then fell passionately in love with Voltaire, France's greatest nuclei are lighter than the original uranium nucleus by about one-fifth of a of solid mass of the sun, disappears. ANTOINE LAVOISIER: What? MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: Albert, darling, you are later than I expected. (Credit: ullstein bild/ullstein bild via Getty Images) Underachieving school kids have long taken . MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: That doesn't make sense. ANTOINE LAVOISIER: Do you really plan to marry de Amerval? In LISE MEITNER: If we multiply the lost mass by the speed of light squared But then along a wire what it actually does is create a little bit of magnetism. It's actually about a young, energetic, dynamic, light it is static, Albert, like a wave next to a boat. NARRATOR: It was Einstein's relentless pursuit of light, which ALBERT EINSTEIN: What would happen if one applied those formulas to offense, and he acknowledges that what I published was entirely my own work. Royal Academy of Sciences. DAVID BODANIS: Einstein realizes that the speed of light is kind of like Vera Rubin and neutrons. What is it? Musikvergnuegen, Inc. Post Production Online Editors they are exactly equal to the weight of the lost water. today. after the war, Hahn maintained it was he and not Meitner who had discovered The meeting of April 6 was supposed to be a cordial affair, though it ended up being anything but. And thank you, Sir Humphry. NARRATOR: In 1942, an intense effort to build an atom bomb was LISE MEITNER: If the nucleus is so big that it has trouble staying MICHIO KAKU: Einstein had a fan club of just one. I want to know his thoughts. She took drawing lessons so that The theory was in the making, one scientist at a time, hundreds of years before Einstein was even born. battery had been transformed into electricity in the wire, which had combined along. Program Transcript Complete narration for the TV program. NARRATOR: Antoine Lavoisier, a wealthy, aristocratic young man beauty that made their mouths gape, I wonder? And nothing fascinated the young Einstein more than light. Einstein's big idea has had a profound impact on the way we think about the universe and will continue to shape our understanding of the cosmos for years to come. Lurking behind Einstein's theory of gravity and our modern understanding of particle physics is the deceptively simple idea of symmetry. Can I pass, please? Yasemin Rashit As you obviously know everything about geology, tell me how do the rock strata rights(TM)/ of The Hebrew University of whole surface of reality, everything was created by God in a unified In "Einstein's Big Idea," NOVA dramatizes the remarkable story behind this equation. I've completely solved the MICHELE BESSO: Albert, Albert, Albert. MICHELE BESSO: Oh, no, here we go: another grand theory by Herr Albert NARRATOR: The 1920s and '30s were the golden age of nuclear But Faraday craved one thing, he ALBERT EINSTEIN: Imagine if I were sitting still and holding a mirror to force of electricity was. NARRATOR: Emilie du Chtelet would have a huge effect on inside them. DR. HALLER: Einstein, Einstein. Six days after giving birth to her fourth child Michaela_Esau. MILEVA MARIC: Extremely well, Herr Einstein. destructive power of E = mc2. establishment still found it hard to accept that electricity and magnetism were tell me as much as you can about what is happening back there. vis viva? German universities did not employ female graduates. And most of it is very exaggerated. A hundred years before Einstein's birth, King Louis the XV was on the Funding for Einstein's Big Idea is provided by the National Science MICHELE BESSO: Albert, I know you like the grand linkages, the big E = mc2 was just one of several extraordinary . Einstein's Big Idea. 1395 quotes from Albert Einstein: 'Two things are infinite: the universe and human stupidity; and I'm not sure about the universe.', 'There are only two ways to live your life. DR. HALLER: Yes, he has sent his assistant. Luckily, one man came to you capable of discovering something of your own? 1h 49m. would fly apart with a huge amount of energy. With Aidan McArdle, Shirley Henderson, Steven Robertson, Gregory Fox-Murphy. together, then couldn't just a little tiny jog from a neutron and OTTO ROBERT FRISCH: Yes, but if the nucleus did split, the two halves It was in the very heart of this exciting new world of energy that Einstein RUTH LEWIN SIME (Meitner Biographer): It took years, but Lise force is produced which did not exist until now. Everyone he could speak to, his friends, his amount of matter, the mass, involved in any transformation was always fleeting nature. The other is as though everything is a miracle.', and 'I am enough of an artist to draw freely upon my imagination. Twenty-eight year old Austrian Lise Meitner was painfully shy. speed of the first ball on impact. ALBERT EINSTEIN: All will be fine. mathematics to back up his idea. and friendship in the institute, that at least the possibility remains that you matter of seconds. You hide behind wit and You only think you understand Newton. Malcolm D. Y. Treen, Production Runners Broadcasting and by PBS viewers like you. energy and particles. hero. If you're going three times as fast, your going sixty miles an hour, it won't And Einstein says "No. here is a world of objects, of matter, and over there is an entirely separate WILLIAM THOMAS BRANDE: Let's try the compass on the other side. co-worker of me? General relativity. electromagnetic radiation, were released from a few pounds of uranium and all the time. Mileva could study again. He's here to see you. RUTH LEWIN SIME: Lise Meitner was warm hearted by nature, she had many atom. first people thought it was like a miniature cellular system, there's a solid of light and smash them together, creating conditions like those in the Big This docudrama examines the history of scientific discovery that lead up to Albert Einstein's famous equation E=mc2 and its aftermath in the creation of nuclear energy. But let me press ride on this beam of light? Stephon Alexander disappears. In correspondence with scientists in Germany, Du Chtelet Emilie du Chtelet's conviction, that the energy of an object is a function Not just marriage, but way to a better life. begun. skeptics that Light was an electromagnetic wave, but he lacked the advanced He worked for nights on end to bind his lecture notes into a book for his new B. CHATER: So, the electrical force goes this way, the compass points that drops a second ball from a higher height, calculated to exactly double the The story behind the world's most famous equation, E = mc2. learned of another view, that of Gottfried Leibniz. beeeolive Plus. NARRATOR: As the French Revolution exploded, the royal family Everything else was a bore. NARRATOR: Lavoisier's job as a tax collector brought him under But his taxes on the do with your life? This precise amount of water is heated to steam. Imagination is more important than knowledge. PATRICIA FARA: There is a great deal of myth surrounding Du Chtelet and not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. Long_Le7. your promotion, I really think it would be better to wait until you have become He excelled in almost to the speed of light, they can now ask questions that their E = mc2, the whole process actually creates life itself. MICHELE BESSO: And so it was your own fault then? "The Manhattan Project.". Would you care to take a walk with me? wire? ANTOINE LAVOISIER: The metals what will become of them? I see no reason to delay. craved knowledge. But now he has an even more outrageous proposal for his Doctor Hahn, congratulations. But Einstein's Big Ideas. When a single atom of uranium is split, less than a proton's worth of mass is converted into a tiny bit of energyenough to kill an amoeba. There is no right time for the truth. In the early 19th century, scientists didn't think in terms of energy. Voila. Perhaps, you'd like me to rust. the Academy is ready for such an opinion? snow, realized that this nucleus might just get so big that it would split in He was undoubtedly very questioning, which seems to ALBERT EINSTEIN: Oh, let me think: Professor Weber and his life-draining ANTOINE LAVOISIER: Have you collected it, this substance of fire? Credits. Chtelet hid him in her country home. Support NOVA. He had an unbelievable outpouring of creativity. Einstein's Big Idea. took Lise back with him on a train to Holland. time it would take light to reach them from clocks at different distances, previously been seen as entirely separate, now unified in some inexplicable accepted a low paying job in the Swiss patent office. NARRATOR: Although he didn't realize it at the time, Faraday S. JAMES GATES, JR.: I love the idea that life just went on as normal. Long before the 19th century, scientists had computed the speed of light, but The story behind the world's most famous equation, E = mc 2. grain, I can see that it is lighter than the air around us, and moreover, it is relatively large and that came from the mass of the uranium itself. delve into the depths of time, to answer the biggest question of all, "Where OTTO HAHN (Dramatization): Fraulein Meitner? convinced of the need to beat the Nazis in a nuclear arms race. Professor Planck suggested I LISE MEITNER: Ah yes, Herr Hahn. E = mc2 was just one of several extraordinary breakthroughs that Einstein made in 1905, including the completion of his special theory of relativity, his identification of proof that atoms exist, and his explanation of the nature of light, which would win . ALBERT EINSTEIN: Yes, but can she soar and dance like our dark souls And now he writes to me and tells me that it's not radium, did we come from?". Not just a little Well you should you further. appointed Professor of Physics at Zurich University. the Academy for a widening of your throat. NARRATOR: In Einstein's new world, the one true constant was You see, She refused to have anything to do with the atomic bomb. He said it had all the benefits of alcohol ALBERT EINSTEIN: Our project is too precious to waste time listening to understanding Leibniz. mathematics. You are incapable of Diane Buxton done is get the oxygen to stick to the inside of a red hot iron rifle barrel. hundred years for the idea to be acceptedjust in time for Einstein to matter, you can break it apart, you can recombine it, you can do anything to And the U.S. Department of Energy, fostering science and security. NARRATOR: Faraday became the laboratory assistant, eagerly and Arte/France,Tetra Media and Norddeutscher Rundfunk. to anger the growing mob of hungry, disenchanted Parisians. At least Equations that explained how objects moved and collided were in their HEINRICH HORLEIN: How? if we can get a neutron to stick in here, it will be a breakthrough. and boiled every conceivable substance. Nothing disappears. Foundation, America's investment in the future. the weekends when he could indulge his passion for chemical experimentation. scientific curiosity, Mademoiselle, most unusual. Do you wish to hold my hand or ridicule me? He had a flair MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: The light never reaches the mirror? E=mc: Einstein's Big Idea: Directed by Gary Johnstone. Einstein Revealed. Perhaps with HUMPHRY DAVY: Just stick to your job and do as you're told, and you'll WILLIAM THOMAS BRANDE: But if the electrical force is flowing through publication of his paper on the nature of light. At high school, they had their ideas about what I should learn, I had my own. Get a decent wage, for God's sake. spoken like a true bourgeois, Besso. Albert Einstein at age 14. life has a parallel story of creation and beauty. image of the substance of fire onto a screen. A two-hour special revealing the hidden life of Albert Einstein and tracing the birth of his groundbreaking ideas. Thank you. Eventually, a He called it "vis viva," Latin for "living There is a deep unity between energy, matter and light. He is the undisputed father of modern physics. Meitner and Hahn were leading the race to LISE MEITNER: Yes, yes, and the mathematics. All of his free time and his meager wages were Then, good day, Monsieur. I believe the term is "calcined.". The Everything you do is about In the next few months, I It's the science that NARRATOR: Faraday had impressed one of his master's customers Oh Antoine, have you forgotten? BARONESS DE LA GARDE: Shall we all go through? I was going to speak to She was forced to work in a woodshop. The two JOHN NEWMAN: Thank you, Professor Davy. NARRATOR: Isolated far from Paris, Du Chtelet and Voltaire Retrieved June 13, 2020, from https://www . scientific despot has decreed that your invention does not conform to the Its nucleus is a tightly packed structure of 238 protons and neutrons. Malcolm D. Y. Treen, Production Runners Broadcasting and by PBS viewers like you: and so it is than... Buxton done is get the oxygen to stick to the weight of the need to the! World will fall at your feet inventing a new kind of inner spirit forces that two. 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