Common depression assessment tools differ widely in the symptoms they ask about. Current address: Escuela de Psicologa, Pontifica Universidad Catlica Madre y Maestra, Santiago de los Caballeros, Repblica Dominicana. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a self-report questionnaire used to measure the severity of depression. If you are concerned about your level of depression, it is important to discuss your symptoms with a mental health professional. The original BDI, first published in 1961, consisted of twenty-one questions about how the subject has been feeling in the last week. Although the psychometric properties of the scale have been well established through many studies worldwide, so far there is no study examining the validity and reliability of BDI-II in Republic Dominican. This version of the inventory consists of 21 items, in which four response options are presented on a scale of 0 to 3. International Journal of Emergency Medicine, 6(2), 67-74. International Journal of Testing, 7, 293-309. For more mental health resources, see our National Helpline Database. To sum up, the CFA results indicate that depression as measured by BDI-II can be conceptualized by cognitive, affective and somatic symptoms, and these symptoms may vary significantly depending on the severity of the depression (i.e., the depression general factor). BDI identifies overt behavioral characteristics of depression. Some items on the BDI have more than one statement marked with the same score. Items are summed to create a total score, with higher scores indicating higher levels of depression. They found no differences between Caucasians and non-Caucasians but did report significant correlations between age and BDI-II scores. Despite all limitations, we note that this is the first study to demonstrate the construct validity and reliability of the BDI-II in Dominican Republic. The BDI-II has been referenced in 586 publications in peer-reviewed journal articles. Thus, further research is needed into the latent structure of BDI-II. Beck Anxiety Inventory: an overview. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(1), 3-18. Furlanetto, L.M., Mendlowicz, M.V., & Bueno, J.R. (2005). There were 120 college students enrolled in an introductory psychology course, who comprised the "normal group." In 1996, the BDI was revised to include additional items and to reflect changes in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). (2005). The offers that appear in this table are from partnerships from which Verywell Mind receives compensation. There was neither difficulty in understanding nor negative commentaries about the scale content. Cross-cultural examination of measurement invariance of the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Byrne, B.M., Stewart, S.M., & Lee, P.W.H. [34] tested fifteen competing BDI-II models including unidimensional, multidimensional and bifactor models, and revealed that bifactor models provided the best fit to the data, supporting the view that BDI-II assesses a single latent construct. Verywell Mind's content is for informational and educational purposes only. Sprinkle, S.D., Lurie, D., Insko, S.L., Atkinson, G., Jones, G.L., Logan, A.R., & Bissada, N.N. No, Is the Subject Area "Diagnostic medicine" applicable to this article? Psychometric characteristics of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with college students of diverse ethnicity. Ratings are summed to provide a total score ranging from 0 - 63. In conclusion, for both statistical and clinical reasons it seems more appropriate to use BDI-II total and factor scores. These differences are amplified when the hospital sample is sub-divided and only the psychiatric consultation participants (N = 86) are considered. It is currently known that more than 350 million people suffer from depression worldwide and that it significantly contributes to the global burden of disease [1]. No, Is the Subject Area "Dominican Republic" applicable to this article? 2016;28(11):1354-1367. doi:10.1037/pas0000275, Dere J, Watters CA, Yu SC, Bagby RM, Ryder AG, Harkness KL. Common and specific dimensions of self-reported anxiety and depression: the BDI-II versus the BDI-IA. Demyttenaere K, Jaspers L. Trends in (not) using scales in major depression: A categorization and clinical orientation. [61], affective symptoms may shift from one dimension to another depending on background and composition of samples being studied. There are many resources available to help you. Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & ERBAUGH, J. Steer, R.A., Kumar, G., Ranieri, W.F., & Beck, A.T. (1998). How the Beck Depression Inventory Is Used, Interpreting the Beck Depression Inventory, Limitations of the Beck Depression Inventory, Where to Take the Beck Depression Inventory, Screening for Depression: How Depression Tests Work, The Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), The Use of Self-Report Data in Psychology, Depression Recovery: How to Know You're Making Progress. They also reported good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity. Thus, future investigation should examine the robustness of BDI-II against social desirability responses in order to ensure a correct interpretation of the scores. A decrease in scores over time indicates that the person's symptoms are improving. EMDR therapy following the 9/11 terrorist attacks: A community-based intervention project in New York City. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 26(4), 446-462. Several versions of the BDI tool exist. The normative sample is predominantly White (91%). Several factor structure models, including one-factor, two-factor, three-factor and bifactor models were tested with the purport to determine the optimal factor structure. Behavior Research and Therapy, 37, 183-190. Today, BDI is considered one of the vital . PMID: 32962793; PMCID: PMC7681155. As such, it would be valuable to test the invariance measurement of the BDI-II factor structure found in this study across different samples in order to examine the robustness of the affective component as a single and differentiated domain of depression. The BDI is used to measure the severity of depression. Google Scholar. It has been used in samples of combat veterans, women who have experienced intimate partner violence and sexual abuse, and in numerous treatment outcome studies for PTSD. Clinica y Salud, 14(3), 249-280. A PsychInfo search (6/05) for "Beck Depression Inventory" or BAI anywhere revealed that the BDI has been referenced in 9,013 peer-reviewed journal articles. The BDI includes 21 items, each of which corresponds to a symptom of depression. Aaron T. Beck. The nine items of the PHQ-9 are based directly on the nine diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder in the DSM-IV. Third, the BDI-II is a self-report measure and, as such, may suffer from social desirability bias. (2004) examined the reliability and validity of the BAI and BDI in a sample of 1,110 Latino and 2,703 Caucasian undergraduate students. Psychological Assessment, 15, 569-577. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) is a widely used 21-item self-report inventory used to assess anxiety levels in adults and adolescents. Discriminant validity means that the BDI-II does not correlate highly with measures of other psychiatric symptoms such as anxiety. Additionally, more sophisticated analysis into the BDI-II factor structure including hierarchical and bifactor models have been tested. To examine model fit,the chi-square value (2), the comparative fit index (CFI), the goodness-of-fit index (GFI), the Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) and the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA). The .78 ECV obtained reveals that 78% of the extracted common variance is explained by this general factor, while the remaining 22% is explained by the specific cognitive, somatic and affective factors. The Five to ten minutes is necessary for completing the test. The authors revised the BDI to be more consistent with the criteria for depression found in the DSM-IV. Kumar, Steer, Teitelman, & Villacis (2001) examined adolescents who had cutoff scores of 21 and above. Legal Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition and Criminological Psychology, 7, 187-201. The test-retest and internal consistency data have been replicated in numerous studies, including adults and adolescents, with similar findings. . The BDI-II also has good convergent and discriminant validity. Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. here. The BDI has also been found to be related to the Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Survey and to a measure of alexithymia in a sample of Turkish adolescents (Sayar, Kose, Grabe, & Murat, 2005). Scores on BDI-II discriminated between clinical and general population, supporting for external validity. Its development marked a shift among health care professionals, who had until then viewed depression from a psychodynamic perspective, instead of it being rooted in the patients own thoughts. In this study a Hof .84 was obtained, which indicates that 84% of the variability of the factor loadings can be attributed to the general depression factor. Finally, the PUC value indicates that 68% of the correlations are influenced by the general factor. Neurovegetative symptom subtypes in young people with major depressive disorder and their structural brain correlates. Use of scoring code is granted under CC BY-SA 4.0 permissions. This is a copyrighted measure. This population consisted of 67 females and 53 males with a mean age of 19.58 (SD=1.84) and was predominately Caucasian. Aaron T. Beck, M.D. They found good internal consistency (alpha=.92), and using confirmatory factor analysis, identified two first-order depression factors and one second-order general depression factor, similar to what has been reported in other samples. In particular, it would be worthwhile to further examine the capacity of BDI-II scores to discriminate between depressed and non-depressed subjects. BDI-II scores do not appear to be related to ethnicity in adult (Beck et al., 1996) or adolescent samples (Kumar et al., 2002; Steer et al., 1998). The internal consistency of the BDI-II was 0.9, which means that the items on the questionnaire relate to each other and measure the same construct. Penley, Wiebe, & Nwosu (2003) examined the psychometrics of the Spanish translation of the BDI II in a sample of predominantly Hispanic adults undergoing medical treatment for hemodialysis, many of whom were of lower SES. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI, BDI-II), created by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, is a 21-question multiple-choice self-report inventory, one of the most widely used instruments for measuring the severity of depression. The BDI was designed to measure the severity of depression, as well as to serve as a tool for screening for depression. For example, individuals are asked to respond to each question based on a two-week time period rather than the one-week timeframe on the BDI. The BDI-II was revised in 1996 to be more consistent with DSM-IV criteria for depression. Once the activity was completed, a focus group was used to enable individuals to share their appreciations concerning items, response format, instructions, and to check for discrepancies in the interpretation or meanings. Fifteen people were asked to complete the scale and write down items that were unclear or incomprehensible, as well as any other aspect of the scale that may deem relevant. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82, 315-320. The inventory contains 21 self-report items which individuals complete using multiple choice response formats. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a bifactor model with a general depression factor and three specific factors consisting of cognitive, affective and somatic showed the best fit to the data. , 3-18 ask about ( 1 ), 249-280 good internal consistency data have been tested and, such! Negative commentaries about the scale content symptom of depression depression Inventory-Second Edition Criminological... 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