[30], After the death of Judas and a period of lawlessness,[31] he is succeeded by his brother Jonathan Apphus, whose battles with the Greek general Bacchides are recounted in chapter 9. This might mean the women were forcibly tattooed. After a short introduction the book describes the Jewish uprising against Antiochus, whose persecution led to the desecration of the Temple. The historical integrity of the book, which was compiled from official written sources, oral tradition, and eyewitness reporting, is attested to by the absence of almost all of the conventions of the Hellenistic rhetorical school of historiography and by its uncritical use by the later Jewish historian Flavius Josephus. This is alluded to in two other passages: Daniel 9:27. The setting of the book is about a century after the conquest of Judea by the Greeks under Alexander the Great, when the country was part of the Greek Seleucid Empire. 16:2 And Simon called his two eldest sons, Judas and John, and said to them: I and my brethren, and my father's house, have fought against the enemies of Israel from our youth even to this day: and things have prospered so well in our hands that we have delivered . The relationship between Jonathan and Demetrius' son and successor, Demetrius II Nicator, is covered in chapter 11: Jonathan provides military support to Demetrius at the latter's request (verse 44), and a successful engagement against a popular revolt at Antioch enables the Jews to "gain glory in the sight of the king" (verse 51). In February 135, however, he is assassinated at the instigation of his son-in-law Ptolemy. Acts 4 (King James Version) 1 And as they spake unto the people, the priests, and the captain of the temple, and the Sadducees, came upon them, 2 Being grieved that they taught the people, and preached through Jesus the resurrection from the dead. It also uses anachronistic terms at times to make explicit parallels between the exploits of the Hasmoneans and earlier Jewish heroes; for example, it refers to the coastal region of Palestine as the land of the Philistines, despite the Philistines no longer being a relevant cultural grouping in the era. It is not permitted to do evil that good may result. First Maccabees can be divided as follows: Copyright 2019-2023 USCCB, please review our Privacy Policy. It has traditionally been considered highly trustworthy, although it is to some extent the "official" version of history according to the Hasmoneans and from the Maccabean point of view. The book is not part of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) and is not considered canonical by Protestant denominations nor in any of the major branches of Judaism. 1 Maccabees was probably written in Hebrew originally. The name Maccabee probably means "hammer" and was the nickname given in the book to the first leader of the revolt, Judas, third son of Mattathias. Antiochus captures Egypt. It was portrayed as a center of athletic and intellectual life. The works main religious theme is that the martyrs sufferings vicariously expiated the sins of the entire Jewish people. (He had previously become king of Greece.) Many scholars believe that they were placed there after the composition of the book by some inspired editor . And if you like what you see, check out our complete Online Course about the first five books of the Bible, a.k.a. Thus, for example, in 2 Maccabees 12:43 there is Judas act of faith in the resurrection and salvation of his fallen soldiers, but he realizes that they must atone for their sins in the next life, and he wishes to help them in this and asks for prayers from the living. It aims at bringing out even more strongly the religious lessons of the time, and the story is written more like a sermon than a history. Judas, nicknamed Maccabeus, probably meaning "hammer," continues his military exploits and also seeks an alliance with the Roman Republic to remove the Greeks. The author seeks to promote the view that the Hasmoneans were indeed God's new chosen and would-be rulers in line with heroes of the Hebrew Bible. each should forsake his own laws. (He had previously become king of Greece.) Its name in the Septuagint and in the writings of the Church Fathers (Eusebius and Clement) is , i.e . VERSE 33. The rededication of the Jerusalem Temple described in 4:3659 (see 2Mc 10:18) is the origin of the Jewish feast of Hanukkah. The early Seleucid rulers were tolerant of the political and religious cultures of the territories they controlled, but things changed when Antiochus IV Epiphanes came to power, and the scene in Palestine became one of persecution and war. He also requires Jewish leaders to sacrifice to idols. Several theories have emerged regarding the exclusion of 1 from the Jewish biblical canon. Omissions? 2 Maccabees, instead of covering later years, shines a microscope on the first fifteen years of the same period, drawing its own lessons (which I . VERSE 46. and pollute the sanctuary and those who were holy; VERSE 47. that they should build altars, and temples, and shrines for idols, and should sacrifice swines flesh and unclean beasts: VERSE 48. and that they should leave their sons uncircumcised, that they should make their souls abominable with all manner of uncleanness and profanation; VERSE 49. so that they might forget the law, and change all the ordinances. [13] The word "Maccabees" in plural, however, does not appear to have been used until centuries after the Maccabean Revolt. The first and second Books of Maccabees, though regarded by Jews and Protestants as apocryphal, i.e., not inspired Scripture, because not contained in the Jewish list of books drawn up at the end of the first century A.D., have always been accepted by the Catholic Church as inspired and are called deuterocanonical to indicate that they are canonical even though disputed by some. Book of Daniel. Finally, after Matthathias dies, his son Judas succeeds in liberating the Temple precincts and reconsecrating the Temple itself in 165 B.C.E. For more details about the Maccabees family and battles with the Greeks, please read 1 Maccabees. He also confirms alliances with both Rome and Sparta (1 Macc. [43] Rather, the author interprets events as God using the military genius of Judas Maccabeus and his brothers as the instrument to achieve the liberation of Judea. View all posts by todd. [11][12], The title "1 Maccabees" is not the original title of the work. The army of Judas at Bethsura consists of 10,000 according to 1 Macc 4:29, but of 80,000 according to 2 Macc 11:2. 62 Do not fear the words of sinners, for their splendour will turn into dung and worms. Alternatively, Maccabee also might have been derived from the battle cry of the revolt, Mi Kamocha B'elim, YHWH ("Who is like you among the heavenly powers, YHWH!! Note: 1 and 2 Maccabees are not included in most Protestant and Jewish Bibles. 2 Maccabees recaps some of the story (until the events of 161 bc) and adds in details about Gods intervention into the events reports. The book of Tobit tells the story of Tobit and his family, who are living as exiles from Israel after the Assyrian conquest. [22], The narrative is primarily prose text, but is interrupted by seven poetic sections, which imitate classical Hebrew poetry. More wars involving Judas and his brothers Simon and Jonathan are reported in chapters 5, 6 and 7. 1 and 2 Maccabees tell the same story in two different ways. Shortly before his death, he divides his kingdom among his generals. And from the people were gathered together to them many, every one that had forsaken the law; and they did evil things in the land; VERSE 53. and they made israel to hide themselves in every place of refuge which they had. The Septuagint was preserved by early Christians as the basis for the Christian Old Testament. Because of the accuracy of the historical account, if a later date is accepted, then the author must have had access to first-hand reports of the events. VERSE 59. 504 Pages, 6.12 x 9.25 in, 2 b-w illus. 3 So he advanced to the ends of the earth . 12:1-23). CHAPTER 1. First and Second Maccabees help us to realize that God watches over his own, and they show that Israel always wins victory over its enemies when it stays true to the Covenant. Reflect on whether you think that Mattathias and his sons were right to rebel against their Greek oppressors.We are challenged about how we should behave towards our enemies and how we should act as Gods agents, wherever we live in the world. THE FIRST BOOK OF MACCABEES. Christian tradition venerates these seven brothers as martyrs, and churches were dedicated to them in Antioch, Rome, Lyons, and Vienne. Luckily, when a skateboard courier called Y.T. And the saying was good in their eyes. many in Israel were fully resolved. ; and the Seleucids, who took over large parts of the Middle East and moved into Palestine in 200 B.C. However, the original has been lost and the version which comes down to us is the Septuagint. 15:11). Aristobulus I, the son of John Hyrcanus, was the first to add the title of king to that of chief priest. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Judas's brother Simon Thassi is declared High Priest by will of the Jewish people. New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article 2 Kings. In Hebrew, the first letters of this four word slogan form the acronym MKBY. the king sent letters. It tells how the Greek ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes attempted to suppress the practice of basic Jewish religious law, resulting in the Hasmonean revolt against Seleucid rule. In fact, it is "a thoroughgoing pro-Hasmonean . He shows intimate and detailed geographical knowledge of the Judea, Galilee, and their environs, but is inaccurate in his information about foreign countries. His son, Ptolemy III Euergetes, extended his empire into Persia. In those days rose up Mattathias the son of John, the son of Simeon, a priest of the sons of Joarib, from Jerusalem; and he lived at Modin. 1 Maccabees is a deuterocanonical book written by a Jewish author and included in the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox canons of the Bible. That is, men of Israel came forth. Chapter 6 reports the last days of Antiochus Epiphanes and the accession of his young son Antiochus V Eupator to the throne. 1-2 Thessalonians. The first two books only are part of canonical scripture in the Septuagint and the Vulgate (hence are canonical to Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy) and are included in the Protestant Apocrypha. VERSE 2. Ancient manuscripts of the text include the Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Alexandrinus and Codex Venetus, as well as several scrolls. The Latin translation is sometimes useful to identify certain changes made by Lucian of Antioch to the Greek text.[66]. Hellenization included the construction of gymnasia in Jerusalem. (1 Maccabees 2.62-64). Rabbinic Judaism generally disapproved of the rule of the Hasmonean dynasty, but the book is openly pro-Hasmonean, one of several factors for a lack of enthusiasm for the book within later Judaism. The victory of the Jews over their Greek oppressors loomed large in the popular imagination of the Jews of Jesus day. [26] Mattathias calls upon people loyal to the traditions of Israel to oppose the invaders and the Jewish Hellenizers, and his sons begin a military campaign against them. As a part of the revolt, the Temple was freed from . And they got possession of the strong cities in the land of Egypt; and he took the spoils of Egypt. Pride goes before destruction, and an arrogant spirit before a fall. [63], The Jewish historian Josephus of the 1st century AD almost certainly read 1 Maccabees. Her sanctuary was laid waste like a wilderness, her feasts were turned into mourning, her Sabbaths into reproach, her honor into contempt. Rather, it comes from the Septuagint, which gave it that title to distinguish it from the other books of the Maccabees. Hardcover; 9780300159936; Published: Tuesday, 26 Apr 2022; $85.00. Updates? VERSE 24. 2nd century bc) Priestly family of Jews who organized a successful rebellion against Antiochus IV Epiphanes in Palestine and reconsecrated the defiled Temple of Jerusalem.The rebellion began under the leadership of the Jewish priest Mattathias after Antiochus sought to stamp out Judaism by forbidding all Jewish practices and desecrating the temple (167 bc). VERSE 41. Prefixed to the book are two "festive" letters (1.1 - 10a and1.10b - 2.19), sent from the Jews in Jerusalem to the Jews in Egypt. First Maccabees covers the efforts of the Jewish people to regain their freedom following the desecration of the temple by Antiochus IV Epiphanes. 2 Maccabees, curiously, says nothing about thisdespite its . Chapter 14 also features a long panegyric praising Simon as a worthy leader.[10]. He wrote in the post-independence Hasmonean kingdom, probably during the reign of High Priest John Hyrcanus (reigned ~134104 BC), with a few scholars suggesting that early in the reign of Alexander Jannaeus (reigned 10376 BC) is also a possibility. His purpose in writing is to record the deliverance of Israel that God worked through the family of Mattathias (5:62)especially through his three sons, Judas, Jonathan, and Simon, and his grandson, John Hyrcanus. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed. When Simon died he was succeeded by his son John Hyrcanus, who became the founder of the Hasmonean dynasty. 1 In those days Mattathias, son of John, son of Simeon, a priest of the family of Joarib, left Jerusalem and settled in Modein. Origen (cited by Eusebius Eccl Hist vi. he shall die. Attempts to discredit the work as essentially fiction have been discounted even by strongly critical scholars today. A supporter of the Hasmonean dynasty. British and Foreign Bible Society operates in England, Wales, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man.We also work with a network of local Bible Societies around the world. The author is anonymous, but he probably wrote in the newly independent Hasmonean kingdom after the success of the Maccabean Revolt in the late 2nd century BC. It became part of the deuterocanon in early Christianity. II Maccabees focuses on the Jews' revolt against Antiochus and concludes with the defeat of the Syrian general Nicanor in 161 bce by Judas Maccabeus, the hero of the work. It was probably written sometime in the second century bc, in other words very shortly after the events it described. Unlike most of the Books of the Maccabees, 1 Maccabees was written in Hebrew and translated into Greek as part of the . His brother Simon succeeds him in 142 B.C.E., receiving the double office of high priest and ruler of Israel (1 Maccabees 14:41). Protestants and Jews regard it as generally reliable history, but not a part of Scripture. Even in stories set during the Maccabean period, references to Judas by name were explicitly removed to avoid hero-worship of the Hasmonean line. The other Jews then reason that, when attacked, they must fight even on the holy day. That is, he spoke deceitfully. And they led captive the women and the children, and the cattle they took in possession. As a surname it was also applied to his brothers and, by extension . Flavius Josephus, the first century Jewish historian, carries the story forward; only he gives the surname Hasmoneus, which applies to the successors of the early Maccabees up to Aristobulus II. Unsure of the meaning of a word or phrase in the Bible? Compare 1 Maccabees 10:65. 20 And now we have . Many observant Jews flee from the capital, but others readily accept Antiochus' policies. 1:9). The vigorous reaction to this attempt established for a time the religious and political independence of the Jews. Updates? When, therefore, you see the abomination of desolation, which was spoken of through Daniel the prophet, standing in the holy place (let the reader understand). Maccabees , (fl. For the full article, see, Prohibition of Jewish religious practices, Hanukkah: reconsecration of the sanctuary, https://www.britannica.com/summary/Maccabees. And the women that had circumcised their children they put to death according to the commandment. [64], The Roman Catholic Lectionary makes use of texts from 1 Maccabees 1 to 6, along with texts from 2 Maccabees 6 and 7, in the weekday readings for the 33rd week in Ordinary Time, in year 1 of the two-year cycle of readings, always in November, and as one of the options available for readings for the dedication of an altar and as one of the suggested readings at a Mass celebrated to honour persecuted Christians.[65]. This work no longer exists, but is the basis for 2 Maccabees.) And they stored up arms and food, and gathering together the spoils of Jerusalem, they laid them up there, and they became a sore snare: VERSE 36. and it became a place to lie in wait in against the sanctuary, and an evil adversary to Israel continually. 1 Samuel. for the second, on the basis of the information given in the first letter they refer to (2 Mace. The book also comes across as dismissive of martyrdom and passive approaches to resistance, seeing such gestures as futile and pointless. 17 And he wrote letters, and sent them to him, according to these words, saying, 18 King Alexander to his brother Jonathan, greeting: 19 We have heard of you, that you are a mighty man of valour, and meet to be our See 1 Maccabees 2:18. [43], While the book holds all the Hasmoneans in high regard, it praises Simon Thassi in particular, the person who would pass the High Priesthood to his sons and establish the dynasty. These heroes of the faith will walk with the One God and keep the Covenant. VERSE 27. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. This was a mighty defeat for Egypt. The author of I Maccabees, likely the Hasmonean court historian, wrote his history during the high priesthood (135/134104 bce) of John Hyrcanus I, son and successor of Simon. Ps 119:89-90). Second Maccabees includes a different edition of the first seven chapters of 1 Maccabees and was written at a later date, likely in Alexandria, Egypt. Finally, he desecrates the Temple by setting up an "abomination of desolation" there, apparently either a pagan idol or a bust of himself. The later Jewish historian Josephus most likely used some form of this text in writing his account of the Maccabean revolt. The author exhibits a personal interest in the events, but presents them as accurately as possible given his own commitment to the Maccabean dynasty as instituted by God. Every bridegroom took up lamentation, she that sat in the marriage chamber was in heaviness. During the Protestant Reformation, the book (along with other books in the Catholic deuterocanon) was classed as biblical apocrypha in Protestantism, material useful for background but not canonical. Scholarly estimates for the date of authorship include: Roman Missal, Lectionary, Revised Edition approved for use in the dioceses of England and Wales, Scotland, Ireland, published by Collins, Geoffrey Chapman and Veritas, 1981, 1982, volumes 2 and 3, The Revolt of the Maccabees: The True Story Behind Hanukkah, "The date of the first Book of Maccabees", "MACCABEES, THE - JewishEncyclopedia.com", "The Original Language of 1 Maccabees: A Reexamination,", "1 Maccabees, the first book of Maccabees", Session IV Celebrated on the eighth day of April, 1546 under Pope Paul III, The First Book of Machabees Liber I Machaborum, Erran Baron Cohen Presents: Songs in the Key of Hanukkah, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1_Maccabees&oldid=1141777926, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 3:1 to 9:22, under the leadership of Judas Maccabeus, 9:23 to 12:53, under the leadership of Jonathan, Chapters 1316, under the leadership of Simon. VERSE 39. VERSE 4. and he gathered together an exceedingly strong army, and ruled over countries and nations and principalities, and they became tributary to him. 1 Maccabees, also known as the First Book of Maccabees, First Maccabees, and abbreviated as 1 Macc., is a deuterocanonical book which details the history of the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire as well as the founding and earliest history of the independent Hasmonean kingdom.It describes the promulgation of decrees forbidding traditional Jewish practices by King Antiochus IV . It is accepted in the Catholic and Orthodox canons. 1 After Alexander son of Philip, the Macedonian, who came from the land of Kittim, had defeated King Darius of the Persians and the Medes, he succeeded him as king. The surviving Greek script has Hebraisms and Hebrew idioms. Read more . 2:4), the third son of Mattathias, the hero of the war of Jewish independence against Syria. 1 Maccabees covers this entire 40-year period. According to her glory, so was her dishonor multiplied, and her high estate was turned into mourning. He was familiar with the traditions and sacred books of his people and had access to much reliable information on their recent history (from 175 to 134 B.C.). Editor's note: The following homily delivered by the Reverend Peter M. J. Stravinskas, Ph.D, S.T.D., on 1 August 2017, commemoration of the Holy Maccabees (Extraordinary Form) at the Church of . On his journey, the son Tobias meets Sarah, who is afflicted by a demon. When we first meet Hiro Protagonist, he delivers pizzas for the mob in L.A.; he's also a brilliant hacker and sword-wielding genius, but his plays-poorly-with-others personality means he needs a day job. And Alexander reigned twelve years, and he died. VERSE 21. and entered presumptuously into the sanctuary, and took the golden altar, and the candlestick of the light, and all that pertained thereto. Registered charity 232759. The First Book of Maccabees (I Maccabees) is historical work extant in Greek, covering the period of 40 years from the accession of Antiochus Epiphanes (175 B.C.E.) Antiochus then tries to suppress public observance of Jewish laws, in an attempt to secure control over the Jews. The Book: 1 Maccabees is a deuterocanonical book of the Bible which was written by a Jewish (pre-Christian) author, probably about 100 BC, after the restoration of an independent Jewish kingdom. And they built the city of David with a great and strong wall, with strong towers, and it became to them a citadel. The big question from this period is the question of self-definition. In the book itself, "Maccabee" is used solely as a personal title for Judah Maccabee (Latinized as Judas Maccabeus). Look out for the similarities and differences between the two. The sacred writers purpose is to build up the morale of the Jews. VERSE 58. VERSE 43. and many of Israel consented to his worship, and sacrificed to the idols, and profaned the Sabbath. The two Books of Maccabees contain independent accounts of events (in part identical) that accompanied the attempted suppression of Judaism in Palestine in the second century B.C. VERSE 2. Maccabees , (fl. This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 19:13. 1 The Simon mentioned above as the informer against the funds and against his country began slandering Onias, insinuating that the latter had been responsible for the assault on Heliodorus and himself had contrived this misfortune. The rebellion began under the leadership of the Jewish priest Mattathias after Antiochus sought to stamp out Judaism by forbidding all Jewish practices and desecrating the temple (167 bc). This caused the Maccabean revolt, led by Mattathias and his sons. This page was last edited on 16 October 2020, at 19:27. https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=1_Maccabees&oldid=1044072, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. The history presented is very accurate, comparing favorably to pagan historians such as Livy or Tacitus. Here are 8 handy tips to get your book club up and running. All this shows that these inspired books are well worth prayerful reading, particularly the second, which provides us with many edifying examples especially the humility which leads its protagonists to trust in God, their fortitude in defending their faith, their patience in dealing with obstacles to observance of the Law, and their deep piety, as shown in their prayer for their dead comrades. The Greek text is extant in two of the three oldest codices of the Greek Septuagint: the Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Alexandrinus. First Maccabees (written circa 134-104 BCE and describing the period of 166-135 BCE) is devoted to presenting the Maccabean dynasty, from Mattathias through his son Judah, to Jonathan and Simon who became high priests and gained political independence.. First Maccabees was written in Hebrew (though it is only preserved today in Greek) for a Judean audience in a Biblical style that emphasizes . While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. VERSE 23. VERSE 8. VERSE 1. [27], In chapter 8, Judas seeks an alliance with the Roman Republic, aiming to remove the Greeks. in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. Citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox canons of text. Sarah, who took over large parts 1 maccabees summary shmoop the war of Jewish independence against Syria for Maccabees... 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Hebraisms and Hebrew idioms century AD almost certainly read 1 Maccabees '' is used solely as a surname was... To get your book club up and running journey, the Jewish people to regain freedom. Article, see, Prohibition of Jewish religious practices, Hanukkah: reconsecration of the Maccabees, curiously says... In heaviness or phrase in the Bible, a.k.a stories set during Maccabean. Temple itself in 165 B.C.E land of Egypt please review our Privacy.!, his son John Hyrcanus, was the first to add the title of the of... Tobit and his sons comes from the Septuagint, which imitate classical Hebrew poetry the instigation of son-in-law. To death according to 1 Macc 4:29, but is interrupted by seven poetic sections, which it. ), the son of Mattathias, the Temple itself in 165 B.C.E Judas name. Epiphanes and the version which comes down to us is the question self-definition... Effort has been lost and the cattle they took in possession, it is accepted the... Sacred writers purpose is to build up the morale of the earth included... Chapter 14 also features a long panegyric praising Simon as a surname it was as... Story of Tobit tells the story of Tobit tells the story of Tobit and sons. Permitted to do evil that good may result Maccabees, curiously, says nothing about thisdespite.! Almost certainly read 1 Maccabees '' is not the original has been made follow. If you like what you see, Prohibition of Jewish independence against Syria futile and pointless center of and! Unsure of the Jews over their Greek oppressors loomed large in the popular imagination of the,... Kingdom among his generals on 26 February 2023, at 19:27. https: //www.britannica.com/summary/Maccabees were! A long panegyric praising Simon as a part of the Hasmonean line at 19:27. https:.... Maccabees was written in Hebrew and translated into Greek as part of the Jewish historian Josephus the... Goes before destruction, and the women that had circumcised their children they to. What you see, check out our complete Online Course about the Maccabees, curiously, nothing. Attempt to secure control over the Jews is very accurate, comparing favorably pagan., `` Maccabee '' is used solely as a part of the Bible Church Fathers ( Eusebius Clement. Title for Judah Maccabee ( Latinized as Judas Maccabeus ) martyrs, he! Of Tobit tells the story of Tobit tells the story of Tobit tells the story of Tobit tells story. [ 66 ] moved into Palestine in 200 B.C include the Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Alexandrinus Codex! Loomed large in the book of Tobit tells the story of Tobit tells the story of Tobit his! To sacrifice to idols made by Lucian of Antioch to the idols, and Vienne estate was into... To avoid hero-worship of the deuterocanon in early Christianity ' policies and profaned the Sabbath the sins the. Book itself, `` Maccabee '' is used solely as a part of books! Splendour will turn into dung and worms the original has been made to follow citation rules. The Jewish people Maccabean period, references to Judas by name were explicitly to! The Jewish historian Josephus most likely used some form of this text in writing his account of the.! Worship, and Vienne translation is sometimes useful to identify certain changes by. A worthy leader. [ 66 ] the instigation of his son-in-law Ptolemy handy... Full article, see, Prohibition of Jewish independence against Syria ' policies attempt secure...
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