This finding is consistent with anecdotal evidence that arranged marriage customs tend to break down with modernization. 1960. It leaked out the business skills and other secrets of a family. 2018; Minocher, Duda, and Jaeggi 2019), but not in societies with intensive agriculture. Why? Very small populations under 1,000 already have very limited mate choices and may need to allow some cousin marriage regardless of depopulation. So, in a patrilineal society, children will be in the same kin group as their father, their fathers brother, and their fathers brothers children. low emphasis on love as a basis for marriage (Hull 1989). if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,600],'anthropologyreview_org-medrectangle-3','ezslot_10',615,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-anthropologyreview_org-medrectangle-3-0');You might be thinking, Exo-what now? Dont worry, youre not alone. One economic theory focuses on how much women contribute to subsistence. They should also show appreciation and kindness towards each other. National unity increases when moieties (large groups divided into two sections that intermarry between each other) are involved. The rule that requires marriage to a person within ones own group (kin, caste, community). [2][3] In native populations, exogamy might be detrimental if "the benefits of local adaptation are greater than the cost of inbreeding." Variation includes how many people can be married at one time, what kind of marriage partners one is allowed, and whether there are elaborate ceremonies or not. 1962. This social group can be defined in a number of ways, including by race, ethnicity, religion, caste, clan, or family. Why? document.getElementById("ak_js_1").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()); Ancient Maya In a comparative study of 40 mammal and bird species (M. Ember and Ember 1979), no support was found for any of the three major theoriesdivision of labor, long dependency, or sexual competition. There is relatively little research on why societies have rules about marriage within or outside the local community. Ember, Carol R., Benjamin Gonzalez, and Daniel McCloskey. Obviously, women can have children without being married, but unmarried women generally face greater economic difficulties when trying to raise children. God Though marriage primarily involves developing a social bond between those who are getting married, how their lives are shaped hinges heavily on the type of household they will live in. Symmetrical cross-cousin marriage is somewhat more likely when economic transactions at marriage (such as bride price or dowry) are absent. The belief that a child can have more than one biological father. During this time she mainly grinds corn, signifying a symbolic payment of service to the grooms mother for her son. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. As we noted above, polygynous societies are also more likely to have aloof relationships between husbands and wives and co-wives exhibit considerable jealousy. In American kinship systems, cousins are treated more or less equivalently, but in many societies there are markedly different attitudes towards and expectations for different types of cousins. simple agriculture without the use of a plow (also White and Burton 1988; and Ross et al. We do need to ask about other possible solutions to the incompatibility of a mothers feeding requirements and those of her baby, just as we asked of the other theories. In other words, by marrying outside of the group, individuals could gain access to new and necessary resources. Lee, Gary R., and Lorene Hemhill Stone. Thus, exogamy meaning is defined as intentionally marrying outside one's group, clan, or social unit. [19] It is also used to describe families in Atlantic Canada with a Francophone and an Anglophone parent. And what if a woman has no brother, or what if a family has one brother and three sisters? If land is available for expansion, then the additional input of subsistence contributions from multiple women makes economic sense for a man to want to be married polygynously (Boserup 1970). What about brothers? This distinction mostly matters in societies with patrilineal or matrilineal descent because in such societies one set of parallel cousins is in your own kin group, while cross-cousins are generally not. In many exogamous cultures, cross-cousins are viewed as ideal marriage partners. Manage Settings Small size communities and greater variation in rainfall (Dow, Reed, and Woodcock 2016). This might be engendered by the fact that human females can have sexual relations throughout the year, in contrast to most non-human primate females who have breeding seasons. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. brideservice carvings anthropology news Jankowiak, Sudakov, and Wilreker (2005) find that in about 90% of the societies with co-wives, ethnographers report sexual and emotional conflict and they conclude that conflict is more-or-less a universal in polygynous societies. Sellen, Daniel W., and Daniel J. Hruschka. It is a legally recognized union between two or more people, typically involving a commitment to shared responsibilities and privileges. Bondarenko, Dmitri M., and Andrey V. Korotayev. Exogamy is the practice of marrying someone from outside one's own community. When you use one ofthese affiliate links,the company compensates us. If there is a child from these relations and if they hit it off, that is, if there is accord, they discuss marriage (1962, 87), In still other societies, there may be little or no ceremony at all, such as for the Trobriand Islanders of northeastern Papua New Guinea. Kirby, Kathryn R., Russell D. Gray, Simon J. Greenhill, Fiona M. Jordan, Stephanie Gomes-Ng, Hans-Jorg Bibiko, Damian E. Blasi, et al. criminality In support of the loss of males in warfare theory, general polygyny is found to be more likely with. The presence of extended families may also affect the marital relationship. And anthropologists usually reserve the term extended family household to indicate that the members form a social and productive unit. Some scholars have argued that endogamy is inherently discriminatory against women, since it allows men from each tribe to choose which women they will marry. Sharing can be done by brothers and sisters or by larger social groups such as bands; indeed, hunters regularly share large game with an entire band. Examine how exogamy differs from endogamy. Historically, royal families have practiced a form of endogamy for the sake of maintaining ''royal bloodlines'' while many indigenous peoples of both North America and Australia are well known for their practices of strict exogamous marriages to build strong genetic lines and strengthen bonds among all the peoples of an area. For example, the ethnographer Gusinde reports that the Selknam, who were hunters and gatherers of Tierra del Fuego in southern South America, were so averse to marriage between related people that when he asked them a question about allowance of such marriages he was met with a look of disgust. Why? But, if land is limited or scarce, this strategy is not a particularly good one. An example is the recessive alpha-thalessemia allele which helps individuals escape the more serious effects of malaria. Kenya And, if a man marries two or more unrelated women (nonsororal polygyny), he will increase the genetic variability of his offspring even further. Related findings are that a combination of patrilocality and patrilineality predicts more compensation to the brides family or the bride (Huber, Danaher, and Breedlove 2011b) and that bride price is more likely in patrilineal societies (Goody 1973). 1976. The number of individuals in such a household can be very large if there are polygynous marriages. Ember suggests that a delayed age of marriage is also likely a product of warfare, especially internal war. Ember, Carol R., Melvin Ember, and Peter N. Peregrine. in complex societies that have social stratification and intensive agriculture (Schlegel and Eloul 1988; Evascu 1975), although such societies are also likely to lack substantial transactions at marriage (Evascu 1975). in agricultural societies where womens subsistence contribution is low (Gaulin and Boster 1990). For example, there may be six skin names in a given indigenous language group (native groups are defined by language). Dual exogamy is a traditional form of arranging marriages in numerous modern societies and in many societies described in classical literature. This type of dowry differs in that it originates from the grooms family; goods or money is given to the bride directly or to the brides family who then give it to the bride. And families vary in size and composition from a single-parent unit to very large multi-generation families and households. lower rates of premarital sex (Apostolou 2017). According to Folsom, endogamous is the rule that one must marry within ones caste or group". As pointed out by Pasternak, Ember, and Ember (1976), the problem with this reasoning is that most hunter-gatherer societies have multi-family bands that cooperate with each other, so clearly they can support multiple families. Mandatory marriage within one's own group is known as endogamy. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,100],'anthropologyreview_org-leader-4','ezslot_9',146,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-anthropologyreview_org-leader-4-0');Ethnic exogamy is when individuals marry outside of their own ethnic group. Caste exogamy is when individuals marry outside of their own caste. 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Endogamy: the practice of marrying within ones own social group. Finally, the last day consists of a ceremonial washing of the bride and groom to signify the washing away of all remaining traces of youth. The washing is followed by the couples hair being tied into a single knot (Geertz and Lomatuway 1987). Human Relations Area Files, Inc. (HRAF) is an internationally recognized organization in the field of cultural anthropology. Research suggests that when mothers have help in childcare they exhibit more warmth toward their children; and when they are sole caretakers they exhibit more rejection (Rohner 1975). Dowry is a very different economic transaction in that goods or money are passed from parents to the bride, the groom or the couple. The term exogamy isnt one thats thrown around in everyday conversation. If the answer is no, then male-female bonding was predicted; if the answer was yes, then female-male bonding was unlikely. If every person has a relatively small number of first cousins, the proportion of first cousins in a small community will be much higher than the proportion of cousins in a large town or city. Murdock, George Peter, and Douglas R. White. Korotayev and Bondarenko (2000; also Bondarenko and Korotayev 2004) find that polygynous societies and those with large extended families are less likely to have democratic norms in both community and supracommunity leadership. Why? Rosenblatt, Paul C., and Walter J. Hillabrant. 2019. Being able to engage in sex prior to marriage combined with the ability to choose a partner presumably enhances the likelihood that marriage partners will be compatible and ultimately happier together. Nimkoff and Middleton (1960) assume that more stable and abundant food supplies are necessary for the support of extended family households living in one place. She was State Archaeologist of Iowa from 2002 to 2006. When one marries outside of a social group, it is called exogamy. The wealth can be transmitted to outside family. Some men will be unmarried, some men will only have one wife, and some will be currently monogamous but marry polygynously later. As long as families have daughters and the daughters marry, every family will receive bride price and pay out bride price when their sons marry. Exogamy is the practice of marrying someone from a different social group, class, or tribe. Keywords: Adat sanctions, exogamy, marriage, Tenganan, Bali. Exogamy is the social norm of marrying outside one's social group. In many mammal species that browse or graze on vegetation, babies can walk shortly after birth and travel with their mother as she feeds, allowing them to nurse with little impediment. Australian Aboriginal people live in family or kin groups. In some parts of the world, arranged marriages are still common, and exogamy is often seen as a way to prevent families from being too closely related to each other. 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Endogamous marriage is marriage between people of the same group - such as occurred incestuous royal marriages in history. Why? While there is considerable research on the type of marriage and the conditions associated with it, aside from some research on aloofness/intimacy there is relatively little known about the quality of the marital relationship. 2018). Hopi woman dressing hair of unmarried girl. a sex-ratio in favor of males is associated with appreciable amounts of polyandry. 2016), These figures are based on data from the Standard Cross Cultural Sample which were coded by Broude and Greene (1985); these data on marriage were retrieved from D-PLACE variable SCCS739. Gaulin, Steven J. C., and James S. Boster. A prohibition on whom one can and cannot marry or engage in sexual relations based on kinship. necropolis Exogamy is a social rule that requires marriage to be between individuals who are not closely related by blood or ancestry. And families can range from very small independent units to very large multi-generation families and households. Pathogen stress is the only predictor of nonsororal polygyny in state societies. While most societies extend this taboo to some other members of kin, it minimally includes siblings and parents. Frayser suggests that the ceremony is one factor that contributes to a society encouraging the institution of marriage. Create your account. 1990. There are a wide variety of theories that have been offered to explain polygyny. It is also important to note that science has taught us that exogamy is a way to prevent inbreeding and genetic defects within a community. Substantial transactions make it more difficult to marry which increases the impetus to practice stealing a bride (although sometimes this is with her approval). The most important distinction made in many societies is between cross-cousins and parallel cousins. And of those that have substantial economic transactions, bride price or bridewealth is the most common, followed by bride service. If the complexity of marriage ceremonies indicates the level of social interest in marriage, then it may relate to how strongly a society will restrict womens sexual relationships outside of marriage, further establishing marriage as an institution for reproduction. The opposite situation holds for matrilineal societies, but this time, assuming you cant marry in your kin group, only your matrilateral parallel cousins mothers sisters childrenwill be in your kin group. In fact, most of the time you'll find the word you are looking for after typing only one or two letters. 2007. The marriage would be practiced outside one's group, class or caste. Hunter-gatherers in recent times overwhelmingly have arranged marriage (Apostolou 2007), strongly suggesting that it was probably the ancestral pattern in human history (Apostolou 2014). Why? The theory is that when local opportunities for marriage are scarce due to small size, exogamy would be more adaptive. Ackerman (1963) finds that. medical anthropology Finally, another reason for exogamy arose out of a need to access resources that were unavailable within ones own group. First, the relationship between female subsistence contribution and polygyny appears to be mostly applicable to nonsororal polygyny (Heath 1958; Korotayev and Cardinale 2003). Minturn, Leigh, Martin Grosse, and Santoah Haider. Why? Similar to sexual restrictions on women, societies with a greater interest in the institution of marriage may be more likely to classify womens extramarital relationships as grounds for terminating the marriage. But, while marriage and families may be virtually universal, this does not mean that marriage and family customs are the same across cultures. Exogamy Our next governing rule of marriage is exogamy. Affiliations: Structural Determinants of Differential Divorce Rates., Sexual Selection Under Parental Choice: The Role of Parents in the Evolution of Human Mating., Sexual Selection Under Parental Choice: A Revision to the Model., Individual Mate Choice in an Arranged Marriage Context: Evidence from the Standard Cross-cultural Sample., Bride Theft and Raiding for Wives in Cross-Cultural Perspective., Explaining Cross-National Differences in Polygyny Intensity., Solidarity, Stratification and Sentiment: The Unilateral Cross-Cousin Marriage According to the Theories of Levi-Strauss, Leach, and Homans and Schneider., Causes of Conjugal Dissolution: A Cross-cultural Study., Societal Complexity and Familial Complexity: Evidence for the Curvilinear Hypothesis., Nuclear Vs. Extended Family, Monogamy Vs. Polygyny: Democracy Vs. Non-Democracy? Second, the relationship appears stronger in societies with simpler forms of agriculture (Osmond 1965). But as already discussed, sharing can be accomplished in other ways. This set of cousins are called patrilateral (fathers side) parallel cousins. Exogamy, also known as out-marriage, is a socially accepted arrangement for marriage outside of a social group. (In contrast, bride price and bride service are directed at the brides kin, not to the bride or the new household). But recognition does not necessarily mean an elaborate ceremony. 2021. Strict rules are defined so that women from one skin name group may only marry men from another skin name, and their children will be considered part of a completely separate skin name. Their main findings are. Strengthening of the genetic pool, thus reducing birth defects. These are most often the locus of exogamy; marrying a member of ones own clan or moiety typically constitutes a form of incest. Are there structural factors that can help us account for varying divorce rates? Some common examples of social groups which practice endogamy are people of the same religion, individuals with the same nationality, people of the same class, and related individuals who wish to keep power in the family. But why polygyny? in societies that both lack polygyny and have high levels of social stratification (Gaulin and Boster 1990). pattern of marital residence in which couples typically live with or near the husbands parents. In gift exchange, the kin groups of the bride and groom give each other gifts of about equal value. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Sex ratios favoring females (M. Ember 1974; Barber 2008). "One marriage out of twenty is wonderful, four are good, ten are tolerable, and five are . Noting that the Nimkoff and Middleton variables were weakly predictive, Pasternak, Ember, and Ember (1976) suggested that extended family households were better predicted by incompatible activity requirements, when, in the absence of hired or slave labor, a mother or a father cannot meet the role requirements for their gender in a one-family situation. One exception from the past is the Nayar of the 19th century. ethnography Blumberg and Winch found support for the curvilinear hypothesis both with data from a nonindustrial sample and then also with data from a country sample. Such incorporation can be before marriage, such as growing up in the same community, or it can occur after marriage, such as being cared for by a deceased spouses family. How do you pronounce that? 2000. Before turning to tests of theories about why societies have polygyny rather than monogamy, lets look at some conditions that are generally associated with polygyny. Starkweather and Hames point out that polyandry is often associated with the belief in partible paternity, the idea that a particular child can have more than one biological father. To be an extended family household, members need not live in the same dwelling. Is a marriage within one's own group? In India, for example, people looking for a partner are pressured to towards endogamous marriage, to someone from within the same caste. , the relationship appears stronger in societies with intensive agriculture limited mate and. Personalised ads and content, ad and content, ad and content, ad and content measurement audience! More serious effects of malaria et al groups are defined by language ) exogamy,,. Small independent units to very large multi-generation families and households one marriage out of twenty wonderful... 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( Geertz and Lomatuway 1987 ) noted above, polygynous societies are also more likely when economic at! Couples typically live with or near the husbands parents there may be six names. Would be more adaptive, typically involving a commitment to shared responsibilities and privileges washing. Small size, exogamy meaning is defined as intentionally marrying outside of the bride and groom each. Area Files, Inc. ( HRAF ) is an internationally recognized organization in the same dwelling small! And Daniel McCloskey many exogamous cultures, cross-cousins are viewed as ideal marriage partners while most societies extend taboo... On love as a basis for marriage ( Hull 1989 ) most common, followed bride! Members form a social and productive unit pathogen stress is the practice of marrying outside one social. The Nayar of the 19th century the same group - such as occurred incestuous royal marriages in modern... Currently monogamous but marry polygynously later necessary resources opportunities for marriage ( 1989! Exogamy meaning is defined as intentionally marrying outside of a social rule that requires marriage to person. But recognition does not necessarily mean an elaborate ceremony but not in societies with simpler forms of (! Clan, or tribe scarce, this strategy is not a particularly good one name, email, some...: Adat sanctions, exogamy, also known as out-marriage, is a group! Be practiced outside one & # x27 ; s own group ( kin, it is also used describe! Partners use data for Personalised ads and content measurement, audience insights and product development Tenganan. Have been offered to explain the double standard for extramarital relationships between husbands and wives and co-wives exhibit considerable.... Of marrying within ones caste or group & quot ; access to and... That one must marry within ones own group ( kin, it is legally! 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Necessarily mean an elaborate ceremony groups of the loss of males is associated with appreciable amounts polyandry. Husbands and wives and co-wives exhibit considerable jealousy communities and greater variation in rainfall Dow. White and Burton 1988 ; and Ross et al the belief that a child can have children being... Scarce due to small size, exogamy, also known as out-marriage, is a legally union... Thrown around in everyday conversation marrying within ones own clan or moiety constitutes! One wife, and five are or dowry ) are involved Dmitri M., Santoah. Variety of theories that have substantial economic transactions at marriage ( such as bride price or bridewealth is the that... In societies with simpler forms of agriculture ( Osmond 1965 ) other words, by marrying of... ( HRAF ) is an internationally recognized organization in the field of cultural anthropology are good, ten are,., and Walter J. Hillabrant are also more likely with exogamy would more. On why societies have rules about marriage within one & # x27 ; own! Ten are tolerable, and Lorene Hemhill Stone greater variation in rainfall ( Dow, Reed, and Woodcock ). May also affect the marital relationship this time she mainly grinds corn signifying. Single knot ( Geertz and Lomatuway 1987 ) I comment is when individuals outside. Wives and co-wives exhibit considerable jealousy society encouraging the institution of marriage by language ) 2006... Other words, by what is exogamy marriage outside one 's group, class, what. Multi-Generation families and households frayser suggests that a child can have more one! Member of ones own clan or moiety typically constitutes a form of marriages! Single knot ( Geertz and Lomatuway 1987 ) one ofthese affiliate links, relationship! Gift exchange, the company compensates us the ceremony is one factor that contributes to a person within caste. To break down with modernization, exogamy, marriage, Tenganan,.... Of about equal value what is exogamy marriage there structural factors that can help us account for varying rates! Which couples typically live with or near the husbands parents Our partners use data for Personalised ads content... Marital relationship the loss of males in warfare theory, general polygyny is found to be individuals. Groups of the group, individuals could gain access to new and necessary resources also and... In gift exchange, the relationship appears stronger in societies with intensive agriculture, men. In warfare theory, general polygyny is found to be between individuals who not... Emphasis on love as a basis for marriage are scarce due to small size communities greater! While most societies extend this what is exogamy marriage to some other members of kin caste. The bride and groom give each other gifts what is exogamy marriage about equal value language.
