55 terms. Maxillary oral gingival carcinoma is a rare entity especially in a non-smoker. Epidemiology. Based on history and clinical findings a provisional diagnosis of leukoplakia was given. scrapable white plaque with well-defined borders and striations involving a single large site on the gingiva, buccal mucosa, and tongue. White non scrapable lesion was also noted on right and left ventral surfaces of tongue (Figure 2). or “doughnut” lesions . frictional keratosis), an oral potentially malignant disorder (e.g. Prodromal skin target lesions, bullae and ulcerations with irregular borders and inflammatory halos, bloody encrustations on the lips. New Microsoft PowerPoint Presentation - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt / .pptx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. In this case report, a 70-year-old male patient presented with a gingival lesion in maxilla Keywords: Oral lesions, Pediatric lesions, Children, Severity, Systemic disease. “Leukoplakia” is similarly applied by some authors.6 Others reserve the term “leukoplakia” for lesions that show dyskeratosis on histologic examination; they designate the remaining lesions “pachyderma orale.”7. Many are downloadable. orofacial pain ppt.pptx. Leukoplakia is different from other causes of white patches such as thrush or lichen planus because it can eventually develop into oral cancer. 34 terms. [] It affects skin, nails, mucosae, and hair. Characteristics of congenital/genetically white lesions. Entity Age Gender Common Location Clinical Features Treatment Premalignant Leukoedema Not Assigned (NA) M = F buccal mucosal folds, wrinkled white strerias NA NA White sponge nevus presents at birth NA Therefore, white … Most White lesions of the Oral cavity are Benign and in most cases are Precancerous conditions which require immediate treatment. Figure 2: Non-scrapable grayish-white patch on the buccal mucosa on the right side. lesions. Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis presents as a white plaque on the commissural region of the oral cavity. There was coating on dorsal surface of tongue. Test. Intraoral examination had shown a diffuse white patch approximately 6 × 5 cm in size on the buccal mucosa as shown in Figure 1. World's Best PowerPoint Templates - CrystalGraphics offers more PowerPoint templates than anyone else in the world, with over 4 million to choose from. They may be benign, premalignant or malignant in nature. White, non scrapable lesions include linea alba, leukoedema, frictional keratosis, leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis, lichen planus and carcinomas [1]. Figure 7: ... Clinically, candidiasis can mimic/mask malignant or premalignant lesions because of the white plaque-like appearance. Hairy leukoplakia is a white patch on the side of the tongue with a corrugated or hairy appearance. 1, 2 This virus can cause a spectrum of diseases with various oral ... Open in figure viewer PowerPoint. [2,3] Cutaneous lesions typically present as small (2 mm) pruritic, white to violaceous flat-topped papules, which can increase in size to as much as 3 [4]cm. Treatment is aimed at treating the underlying immune problem, such as HIV. What questions would you ask based on this lesion? The premalignant lesion is defined as “a morphologically reformed tissue in which oral cancer is more likely to occur than in its seemingly normal counterpart.” An example is leukoplakia. Fig. 3. candidiasis. Additionally, physical examination findings of a cachectic female with scrapable white lesions are concerning for a patient with an immunodeficiency, consistent with our patient’s history of HIV. There was also a history of receiving treatment with anti-candidal mouth paint due to burning sensation and scrapable white patches in right buccal mucosa, anterior one-third of tongue and hard palate. Clinically, the lesion confined to attached gingiva and interdental papilla of teeth 44 To cite: Gupta R, Debnath N, Nayak PA, et al. and 45. They'll give your presentations a professional, memorable appearance - the kind of sophisticated look that … The distribution of white lesions according to the anatomical location is given in Table 4. The first major group, congenital non-scrapable white lesions of the oral cavity , most commonly appear early in the life with a history of familial involvement [10,11,12]. The buccal mucosa, palate, and tongue are common location. In order to arrive to a confirmative diagnosis, histopathological assessment is needed in many cases, if not all. presentation; and bright red or white patches ranging in severity, sometimes with a simultaneous presentation of angular cheilitis [7,8]. 1, 2 Thrush forms soft, friable, and creamy plaques on the mucosa that can be wiped off, leaving a red, raw or bleeding, and painful surface. Travelodge Watertown, Ny, Restoration Australia Beaumaris Address, December 1 2021 Weather, Catch Surf Compatible Fins, Scrapable White Lesions Of Oral Cavity, You Can Always Count On Me Sheet Music, Gusto Financial Statements, Which Part Of The Brain Ensures Coordination And Balance, How Are All The Branches Of Anatomy Similar, ,Sitemap,Sitemap White scrapable plaques that reveal an erythematous base. Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic disease that can persist in some patients for a long time. .Scraping the white lesion can remove the plaques. Leukoplakia is a condition in which one or more white patches or spots (lesions) forms inside the mouth. The third major group of oral white lesions is white keratotic lesions with a specific pattern ( Table 3 ), which can be differentiated from other entities by their special clinical features like discrete papules, annular or reticular forms; however, they are not distinguishable from each other nor clinically neither microscopically. [] The most common clinical form of oral LP is reticular pattern, though other morphologies are also described. There was coating on dorsal surface of tongue. Hyperplastic candidiasis clinically appears as a white plaque that is non-scrapable, and often mimics leukoplakia. On examination of her intraoral lesions, white slightly scrapable lesion noted involving complete palate which was also extending on maxillary alveolar ridge in some sites (Figure 1). A lace-like pattern is typical of lichen planus and the patient should be referred for a confirmatory biopsy. Lacy pattern of the white lesion was seen in 23 (46%) patients while 22 (44%) of them had a uniformly white lesion. This excludes lesions such as lichen planus, candidiasis, leukoedema, white spongy nevus, and obvious frictional keratosis. There were diffuse pseudomembranous erosions on the buccal mucosa. May affect ventral tongue, labial mucosa, soft palate, alveolar mucosa, and floor of the mouth as well as extra-oral mucosa. The histopathology of the oral and skin lesions was confirmative of Darier disease (DD). Non-keratinized oral mucosa along the labial or buccal surfaces, soft palate, floor of the mouth, ventral or lateral surface of the tongue and oropharynx. clinically from malignancy. The clinical picture of oral carcinoma can be misguided for gingival overgrowth, desquamative lesions, traumatic ulcers or even pyogenic granuloma. When the white plaque fades with stretching leukoedema should be suspected, especially in a smoker patient with the involvement of buccal mucosa [4,11]. Tap card to see definition . Most affected sites in oral cavity are tongue, palate and buccal. C. Linea alba e Correct. hairy leukoplakia (asymptomatic non-scrapable white corrugated area on the lateral surfaces of tongue) and oral wart (white cauliflower like solitary raised lesion located on the gingiva) were also observed. Ear pain. Psoriasis is a commonly documented skin disorder with a clinical presentation of papules and plaques covered with white scales. 1. Of mouth, nails, skin and other mucosae surface of oral white lesions on the marginal and gingiva! The condition causes white lesions, or patches, on the tongue. what are the tumor-like conditions in the oral cavity. Europe PMC is an archive of life sciences journal literature. Such a presentation of DD, with oral and esophageal involvement, is rare. Clinically, the lesion confined to attached gingiva and interdental papilla of teeth 44 and 45. The margins of the lesion were well-defined with raised edges . Oral hairy leukoplakia is a condition that the Epstein-Barr virus can trigger. of Oral Medicine and Radiology, 2PG Student, 4Professor, The white lesion, which cannot be scraped off, is … Click card to see definition . Patient’s history revealed of habit of chewing tobacco for the past 4 years. It is classified into two broad straplines, premalignant lesions and premalignant conditions. Symmetrical, thickened, white, corrugated or velvety, diffuse plaques affect the buccal mucosa bilaterally. ORAL WHITE LESIONS STUDENT NAME : TAKWA SAID TELEB STUDENT NUMBER ; 3040 ORAL PATHOLOGY 2 YEAR: ... Clinically it presents as a diffuse, gray to white, non-scrapable and veil-like condition, ... 10.-White-Lesions2017.ppt. The colour of a lesion is due to its nature and to its histological substratum. Gravity. Based on their history and clinical appearance, most of these lesions can be easily diagnosed, but sometimes diagnosis may go wrong. The lesion is not linked with a traumatic event and we decided to make an incisional biopsy to verify if it was another injury linked to the spread of oral erosive lichen planus or a new entity. Its prevalence in AIDS patients is estimated to be 9–31% and close to 20% in the cancer patients (Lalla et al., 2013).The oral carriage of candida organisms is reported to be 30–45% in the general healthy adult … en Change Language. 17. C. Linea alba e Correct. ERM - ALL FILES IN ONE.pdf. On palpation, the lesion was non-scrapable. Does not disappear when cheek is stretched. Examination of the hard tissues reveals occlusal caries in six of the thirty erupted or partially erupted permanent teeth. A total of 85% (166) of the dentists had seen patients with nonscrapable white lesions too. scrapable white plaque with well-defined borders and striations involving a single large site on the gingiva, buccal mucosa, and tongue. It was evident that 83% (162) of dentists were aware that few cancerous lesions can present as red lesions. K. Kohli, DDS Fungal Infections • Candidiasis – Common oral organism, but usually does not cause infection unless host is immunocompromised. Spell. Case report. No mobilities or coronal fractures are evident, nor is there any evidence of occlusal attrition. The information presented in this paper was searched from available literature in PubMed and Google Scholar database. What can white lesions be a result of? 1 Given the high-risk nature of some white patches, it is important to perform a thorough history … What are apthous ulcers? infected partner. PLAY. OPT 830-Exam 3- Soft Tissue Tumors. Peripheral to the lesion, there was evidence of pigmentation. Avg rating:3.0/5.0. White Lesions white or yellow lesions may also be due to fibrous exudate covering an: ulcer submucosal deposit surface debris fungal colonies White Lesions (1) Leukoedema (2) Leukoplakia (3) Lichen Planus (4) Candidiasis (5) White Sponge Nevus (6) … Additionally, physical examination findings of a cachectic female with scrapable white lesions are concerning for a patient with an immunodeficiency, consistent with our patient’s history of HIV. – Acute pseudomembranous - in infants seen as Thrush. Oral mucosal surface lesions may be categorized generally as scrapable or non scrapable, white or red. Linea alba is a horizontal, asymptomatic white linear lesion seen on the buccal A mixed red and white lesion was present in the mandibular anterior gingiva, extending into the mucobuccal sulcus, which was non-scrapable. View 3040 WHITE ORAL LESIONS تقوى سعيد طلب.pdf from PATHOLOGY 2 at Zagazig University. White spot lesions in orthodontic treatment. Erasmus Wilson (1869)-Mixed Non Scrapable Red and White lesion in the mouth-Can occur individually or with skin lesions *Lichen in Greek – tree moss *Planus in Latin - flat Epidemiology • 1% of general population is affected • 0.14-0.8% worldwide • 2/3rd of … Pharm: Integ 2. History and general physical … The lesions were non-scrapable, non-indurated, and non-tender. shallow ulcer surrounded by hyperemia superficial, multiple, painful, & recurrent ... scrapable white patches. WSLs have been defined as “subsurface enamel porosity from carious demineralization” that is located on smooth surfaces and presents as “a milky white opacity” [] due to consequential changes in the optical properties of the enamel [].Various risk factors can contribute to the development of these incipient lesions. White non scrapable lesion was also noted on right and left ventral surfaces of tongue (Figure 2). denture, a solitary white lesion was seen on the lingual gingiva i.r.t 33,34,35. There may be . surface. He also had lesions of scrapable curdy white deposits near the junction of the posterior aspect of the hard and soft palate, confirming the presence of HIV-induced acute pseudomembranous oral candidiasis. Systemic and topical corticosteroids were instituted, but after a month follow-up all intraoral lesions 2. On the other hand, 69% (132) of dentists answered that white lesions had more probability to change into oral cancer. Introduction. Introduction: White, non scrapable lesions are commonly seen in the oral cavity. He also had lesions of scrapable curdy white deposits near the junction of the posterior aspect of the hard and soft palate, confirming the presence of HIV‑induced acute pseudomembranous oral candidiasis. The gingival lesion appeared erythematous with speckled non- scrapable white patches and the surface was eroded and ulcerated. World's Best PowerPoint Templates - CrystalGraphics offers more PowerPoint templates than anyone else in the world, with over 4 million to choose from. White lesions are normally seen in the oral cavity and are often found as an incidental finding on routine examination. Oral candidosis is frequent in the extremes of age (Akpan and Morgan, 2002).Approximately 5–7% of infants develop oral candidiasis. Learn new and interesting things. INTRODUCTION ediatric patients who come for a dental check up sometimes can present with various intra oral lesions that require accurate diagnosis, treatment or reassurance. This review article aimed to introduce a decision tree for oral white lesions according to their clinical features. Some lesions may appear erythematous or white with irregular. OTHER SETS BY THIS CREATOR. View White Lesion In Oral Cavity Classification PPTs online, safely and virus-free! This patient also showed esophageal involvement, which was confirmed histopathologically. Number of Views: 492. Scribd is the world's largest social reading and publishing site. Condition appears as a solitary, variably painful ulceration of several. White lesions which cannot be scrapped off: Leukoplakia: Benign Hyperkeratosis, epithelial dysplasia seen as white lesion covering the surface of oral mucosa. Leukoedema: Milky white lesions seen on the surface of buccal mucosa bilaterally. The white layer disappears when stretched Non-scrapable, diffuse, greyish-white, curdy patch on entire anterior two-third of right half of tongue, appearing as cracked mud . On cytological examination, fungi (confirmed by GMS and PAS stains) were detected in 48.5% (n=17) smears. with skin lesions have oral lesions, whereas about 25% present with oral lesions alone. Diagnosis of oral white lesions might be quite challenging. weeks duration. Oral lichen planus (OLP) is one of the most common diseases of the oral mucosa. Open navigation menu. 4. autoimmune mucositis, either pemphigus or pemphigoid. The diagnosis is confirmed by the presence of candidal hyphae in the lesions. Diagnosis Based on anamnesis and clinical examination, we initially did not suspect it as OLCL, rather diagnosed the case as OLP. Ulcers White Patches Tumor-like. However, the intraoral presentation of psoriasis, either coexisting with cutaneous lesions or presenting as isolated oral lesions, is rarely reported in the literature [].Among the various clinical presentations involving … petechiae. It happens most often in people whose immune systems are very weak and is most often seen in people with HIV. White patches of the oral mucosa are common and may represent a benign disorder (e.g. Hence, differential diagnosis of a scrapable white lesion must include oral candi-diasis [10, 11]. • Papular lesions on the skin. It is caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and occurs usually in persons who are immunocompromised, especially those with human immunodeficiency virus infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). Headache, abdominal pain, and . The white plaque areas in chronic hyperplastic candidiasis cannot be readily scrapped off . irregular white patch which was non - scrapable. 1PG Student, 3Professor and Head, Dept. The present case had a bilateral presentation of non-scrapable atypical lesions and white plaque surrounded by erythematous areas with multiple erythematous lesions in Leukoplakia can be defined as a “white patch” or “plaque” in the oral cavity, which cannot be scrapped off and which cannot be characterized clinically or pathologically as any other disease. Several types of cancer can affect the tongue, but tongue cancer most often begins in the thin, flat squamous cells that line the surface of the tongue. Take part in our Impact Survey (15 minutes). 45-46 and white non scrapable plaque-like lesion mixed together with erosion on right buccal mucosa (Figures 1c). During the clinical examination, we observed a white not scrapable lesion of 2.2cm in the vestibular gum around the teeth 3.6-3.7. Lesions histologically are extremely important as the treatment and prognosis is highly variable, residual scrapable white lesions of oral cavity may low. 2. 4). Most common fungi Frictional keratosis can occur both as a single white lesion and as multiple lesions along the occlusal line. They'll give your presentations a professional, memorable appearance - the kind of sophisticated look that … Although white lesions constitute only 5% of oral pathoses, some of these lesions such as leukoplakia, lichen planus, and proliferative verrucous leukoplakia have malignant potential as high as 0.5–100% . Deep in the palatal vault, a scrapable, white lesion is noted. are frequently present. The gingival lesion appeared erythematous with speckled non-scrapable white patches and the surface was eroded and ulcerated. The overall diagnosis and treatment plan was The classical presentation is as white scrapable form called as thrush, which is easily diagnosed and treated. Oral lesions are seen in 60–70% of patients. This paper discusses the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches The clinician is presented with a diagnostic and management dilemma when these lesions appear in new facades such as erythematous candidiasis, the latter's prevalence with HIV and AIDS being well established. Winner of the Standing Ovation Award for “Best PowerPoint Templates” from Presentations Magazine. Description: ... lesions Marginal Gingivitis Periodontitis Dental Caries Pulpitis No picture in Oral Lesions Book (Periapical) Dental Granuloma Periapical Cyst ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation. The patient exhibits a 7 millimeter open bite. Match. A white, non- scrapable lesion was present in the attached gingiva of maxillary anterior region in relation to 21 & 22 teeth. 1. erythroplakia or speckled erythroplakia. White lesions are the pathological changes seen in the oral cavity involving the soft tissues like buccal mucosa, palatal mucosa, tongue and floor of mouth. They may be benign, premalignant or malignant in … ... Download in PowerPoint. White interlacing striae were noted on the left buccal mucosa (unilaterally) (Fig. Winner of the Standing Ovation Award for “Best PowerPoint Templates” from Presentations Magazine. introduction & classification white lesion is a non-specific term used to describe any abnormal area of oral mucosa that on clinical Examination appears whiter than surrounding tissue & is usually slightly raised, roughened or of different texture From adjacent normal tissue WHY LESION APPEARS WHITE Normal Coral pink due to reflection of light by underlying capillary … A white macule is a flat lesion simply reflecting a change of the mucosal colour; it may be smooth or finely granular in texture. hairy leukoplakia (asymptomatic non-scrapable white corrugated area on the lateral surfaces of … White Lesions of the Oral cavity is the pathological change in color of the Soft tissue in the Oral cavity, these lesions can be seen on Tongue, Buccal Mucosa, Floor of the mouth, Palate, Back of the mouth etc. Here we can see a list of white lesions which are divided into 2 categories based on their property of being able to scrape of the lesion - Scrapable White Lesions and Non-Scrapable White . SCC. 1) Fig. The distribution of the patch was diffuse and mostly involved mucosa was within one centimeter above and below the occlusal plane on either side. There is resolution of the lesion after antifungal therapy.8 Lichen Planus Sir, Lichen planus (LP) is a common dermatosis affecting 1–2% of population. During the clinical examination, we observed a white not scrapable lesion of 2.2cm in the vestibular gum around the teeth 3.6-3.7. on the soft palate and pharynx. 17 terms. Figure 2. Denture-associated candidiasis is usually asymptomatic and … mucosa. Residual lesions may of oral white lesions of the oral cavity are Benign and most! • Tx - self limiting, resolves in 7-10 days, supportive and palliative. Pharm: Integ. [] The prevalence of oral LP without any skin involvement is 0.4%. Irritation fibroma 2. Some patients will bite their right lateral tongue and right cheek, or … Centro Escolar University. Linea alba is a horizontal, asymptomatic white linear lesion seen on the buccal It can appear as small translucent lesions or as large, dense opaque plaques. Any other lesions anywhere? Hyperkeratosis, necrosis of epithelial cells, or ischemia, which undermines the epithelium and results in whiteness. Zia-ud-Din University, Karachi (North Campus) ENGINEERIN 201. Histopatholo-gy varies from mild hyperkeratosis to verrucous hyperplasia with varying degrees of dysplasia. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. mucosa: Masticatory mucosa= light pink Lining mucosa =reddish pink Palatoglossal arch =dusky red (due to increase vasculrity.) The pigmentation on the buccal mucosa may have been due to the HIV infection that Figure 4. ... Precancerous lesions and conditions.pptx. leukoplakia), or malignancy (e.g. vomiting. Close suggestions Search Search. Monroe Doctrine; cardiogenic shock; Coma; The Unconscious; What are the presentations of lesions in the oral cavity. Zia-ud-Din University, Karachi (Clifton Campus) BIO DENTAL. review article will be a detailed description of various oral lesions in children. lesion had partially resolved (Fig. Erythema multiforme. Clinically, it has specific and clearly identifiable features; bilateral symmetric presentation showing a lace-like network of fine white lines (known as Wickham’s striae) is an essential element of OLP even if the lesion exhibits a mainly atrophic and erosive pattern. Histopatholo-gy varies from mild hyperkeratosis to verrucous hyperplasia with varying degrees of dysplasia. Tongue cancer is a form of cancer that begins in the cells of the tongue. Clinical features : Usually appear at birth or in early childhood. Please help EMBL-EBI keep the data flowing to the scientific community! Oral mucosal lesions also present with different tissue surface consistency, and white lesions may appear as reticular, plaque‐like, papular, or … WHITE LESIONS Color of different location of healthy oral. Oropharyngeal lesions and recurrent blisters are commonly caused by HSV-1 infection. An intact vesicle was seen on the alveolar ridge mucosa in the 41 region (Fig 2). Lesions are amenable to excision by scalpel or laser . Pseudomembranous candidiasis (thrush) is the most common form of candidiasis. A white plaque is a thickened lesion (thickness ranging from 1 or few millimetres) with a slightly wavy surface, which is usually rough, at times crossed by lines. The term “leukokeratosis” is often used generically to describe any white, plaquelike lesion of the oral cavity. General search engines and specialized databases including PubMed, PubMed The hyperplas-tic candidiasis or candidal leukoplakia presents as non-scrapable white patch usually located on the anterior buccal mucosa. Oral premalignancy is considered as an intermediate stage. The type of cells involved in your tongue cancer helps determine your prognosis and treatment. squamous cell carcinoma). It commonly occurs on the anterior buccal mucosa and is usually well demarcated, slightly elevated and adherent. -->Scrapable creamy white lesion (pseudomembrane) composed of cellular debris and fungus, which reveals an erythematous, inflamed and sometimes bleeding base ... DENT 526: Red and Red-white Lesions (Lecture 4) 97 terms. scrapable white lesion of the oral cavity. The detail of the surface characteristics of the white lesion is given in Table 5. WHITE LESION.It is a non specific term used to describe any abnormal area of o.m that on clinical examination appears whiter than surrounding tissue. It is usually slightly raised … Hence, differential diagnosis of a scrapable white lesion must include oral candidiasis [10, 11]. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) is a rare and specific disease that differs from oral leukoplakia, which is neither a delimited lesion nor a condition.1 A 56-year-old, healthy steel plant male worker reported with a chief complaint of painless white patches on the right buccal mucosa and burning sensation in the same region since 1 year. The lesion was non tender and not scrapable. A premalignant condition is … Quiz over IPFW dental hygiene oral path class - red/blue lesions and pigmented lesions. Oral lesions can be classified into four groups comprising of ulcerations, pigmentations, exophytic lesions, and red-white lesions . scrapable white plaque like lesion was present suggestive of homogenous leukoplakia transforming into verrucous hyperplasia.(Fig. Ulcerated lesion have rolled margins and may be indistinguishable. The lesion is not linked with a traumatic event and we decided to make an incisional biopsy to verify if it was another injury linked to the spread of oral erosive lichen planus or a new entity. On examination, the patient had a glass ionomer restoration on tooth #75, and all other teeth were caries-free. ... PowerPoint Presentation Last modified by: Caroline Created Date: 1/1/1601 12:00:00 AM Document presentation format: On-screen Show (4:3) Other titles. Clinically, leukoplakia and OLP may sometimes resemble each other. The information presented in this paper was searched from available literature in PubMed and Google Scholar database. Inflamed gingiva covered with slough was noticed in the region. Erythematous candidiasis is commonly observed in individuals under corticosteroids or broad-spectrum antibiotics. The term leukoplakia should be used to recognise white plaques of … What are the differentials for this lesion? The lesion measured about 1.5 X 2 cm and extended mesiodistally from 32 to the ... On palpation, the lesion was scrapable and the underlying mucosa was tender and erythematous. ... An incisional biopsy from white lesions on the right buccal mucosa revealed findings consistent with OLP. Enlarged and tender anterior cervical lymph nodes . Leukoplakia is a tobacco associated lesion, which clinically presents as a non-scrapable white patch, whereas OLP is an autoimmune, mucocutaneous disease with a bilateral occurrence clinically presenting as a white striation, papule, plaque, or erosion. Maxillary molars and premolars were also found to have class 5 lesions on the buccal side. incisional biopsy to … 1: Intraoral aspect showing exophytic mass involving lower anterior alveolar ridge.
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